A new antagonistic discourse has been formed among intellectuals, in the intellectual history of the world. Some anti-British, and after September 1941 anti-American activities are evident among Iranian intellectuals under the rule of Pahlavi I. The westerns' anti-west beliefs disclose the unjust behavior of west in contrast to non-westerns, what Chamskey introduces as one of intellectualism components. As a component of intellectual discourses, anti-west activities appear in fiction works of some authors. Based on a documentary and library analytic- descriptive method, the concept of anti-west component has been reflexed in fiction works of Hedayat, Al-e-Ahmad and SĀEDI in form of any xenophobia and anti- hegemonic concepts through the present paper. The humiliation feelings of Iranians against the greatness of their past history, civilization and their original culture, and their criticism and pessimistic attitude toward the West because of the disgraceful history of colonialism and despair of their intellectuals after the coup of August 1941 are the reasons can be considered for anti-west discourses in Iran. Hedayat has criticized, in some of his works, the American-propaganda and has revealed the Americans' inhumane treatments. Al-e-Ahmad's anti-west attitudes appear in his criticism to the exploitation of his country by foreigners and to the manifestation of western civilization and anti-Americanism. SĀEDI's anti-west beliefs appear in form of anti-colonialism, anti-Americanism and anti-Russian attitudes.

With deep sorrow, Dr. GHOLAMHOSSEIN Ranjbar Omrani, professor of internal medicine and endocrinology and the faculty member of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences passed away on August 4, 2021 in Shiraz, Iran. He was a physician scientist and a superb teacher who always remains alive in the memories of Shiraz medical graduates. His demise is a great loss for his family, and the Iranian medical community, especially the internists and endocrinologists...

Absurdism is one of the most effective movements in the contemporary Persian fiction. This process has affected parts of contemporary Persian story with elements such as despair and depression, feeling emptiness and futility, death and the lack of identity. The veins of this kind of thinking are evident in the works of some contemporary story writers, such as, Sadegh Hedayat, Bahram Sadeghi and Sadegh Choubak who noted that their major works reflect the Absurd thoughts. GHOLAMHOSSEIN Sa'edi is also one of the writers whose works reveal clearly the prevailing atmosphere of society as well as Persian writing in the forties. The evaluation of his works explains the manifestations of the current of futility in the contemporary stories. The present study examines the components of Absurdity in Sa'edi's works. For this purpose, the series of stories: ” vahemehaye bi nam o neshan, shabneshinie bashokooh, azadaran e bayal and tars o larz” were analyzed and analyzed. Some of the components of Absurdism in his works are prominent and they can be found in any collection in the various degrees. All of these works include the void fears, entangles and psychological problems, hopelessness and death-thinking.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The relationship between literature and social phenomena and events is one of the fields of study in recent years, which has received much attention in literary approaches and cultural studies. To the extent that the sociological criticism of literature has been considered according to theories such as Lukács"s theory, according to the main assumption that social changes and transformations occur in literary works. Sociology of literature and its transformation into a literary approach and theory With the application of George Lukacs" ideas, it took on a scientific and critical form. The theory of "reflection of reality" is the most literary sociological theory of this Hungarian thinker and thinker in literary criticism, which is well demonstrated in the realist style which is a reflection of the nature and totality of society., Rather, it is a dynamic, deep and true reflection of reality that depicts the author"s mental structure, which is itself a reflection of the society, in its heart. Therefore, the purpose of the upcoming review is to analyze and sociologically analyze the works of one of the prominent and renowned writers of the realist style of Persian literature, namely GHOLAMHOSSEIN Saedi, based on the theory of Lukacs. METHODOLOGY: This research will discuss and analyze a selection of Gholamhasan Saedi"s stories using the descriptive-analytical method using Lukacs"s theory. FINDINGS: The findings of the research show that Gholamhasan Saedi"s works reflect social issues well. CONCLUSION: Saedi has depicted the problems that are plaguing the people of the society in the struggle of modernity developments and the passage of traditional manifestations in most of his stories. Isolation, distress, superstitions, anxiety, loss, lack of concentration are among the common problems in Saedi"s stories. He not only strongly reacts to these conflicts and contradictions, but also attacks the backwardness in the society which is rooted in traditions and false beliefs.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gholam Hossein Yousefi and Abdul Hossein Zarinkoob are among the prominent writers and researchers of Persian language and literature. Considering the importance of the prose of these two authors in introducing or criticizing and analyzing Persian literary works, it is necessary to analyze their scientific writing stylistically. In many of the works of these two researchers, literary and scientific language have been combined, which has affected the clarity of the text and the power of conveying the message to its audience. METHODOLOGY: In this article, the stylistic features of two important works, the Caravan of Helle Zarinkoob and the Roshan Yousefi Spring, have been investigated and analyzed in a qualitative and quantitative way. These two works were written for university audiences in the collection of literary criticism, which have literary style components. FINDINGS: Based on the results obtained, it can be noted that the style of these two writers is a literary-scientific fusion style, which tends more towards the literary genre. The use of literary arts of simile, metaphor, irony, balancing arts such as puns, repetition, phonology, rhetorical questions with implied meanings, synonyms, rhetorical presentation and delay of sentence components, etc. have made both texts literary. Also, the use of components such as archaism, unquantifiable and ambiguous attributes, complex compound sentences, emotional sentences in high frequency has caused the text to move away from the scientific type of language. CONCLUSION: It should be noted that both authors have moved towards literary language in the field of literary criticism and poetry analysis, contrary to the main purpose of writing the text. Yousefi, by choosing the literary art of similes, besides describing the subject, has also made value judgments, while the similes in Zarinkoob"s text often lack value judgments. Both authors have used metaphors in verbs and nouns to literaryize the text. The use of rhetorical questions with emotional load and allusions with implied meanings in high frequency along with emotional sentences and value-judgmental attributes have made the text literary. In Yousefi"s text, the sentences are pre-compound and simple,However, in the text of Zarinkoob, sentences of the postparsed compound type have caused the complexity of the structure to some extent.

Among the many descriptions and explanations that have been written on Sa’di’s Bustan, GHOLAMHOSSEIN Yousefi’s explanation is more important than other explanations in the literary and academic community compared to other explanations. The questions are whether Yousefi’s description is completely reliable and without any problems? and does Yousefi’s description make other explanations unnecessary? In response to these questions, the author has quoted the verses in which there are problems in their explanations, and the explanation of Yousefi and some other commentators (Khaza’eli, Sudi, Naseh, Anzabinezhad and Qarabaglu). Then, in an analytical-critical way, by mentioning the reason, she criticized Yousefi’s explanation on each verse. And referring to Dehkhoda’s dictionary, she provided a meaning and explanation about the verse and word in question, which seems correct or more accurate. And wherever necessary, she has also quoted verses from Sa’di and other poets in support of her opinion. Out of the total of thirteen verses reviewed in this article, nine of the problems are related to the meaning of some words (verses: 7, 19, 46, 49, 72, 283, 2028, 2093, and 3381). Two problems are related to the pronunciation of the word and its meaning (1175 and 2020). The other two are related to the meaning of the verses. (277 and 2503).

The study of the contemporary Arabic and Persian novels from the view point of the modern critic theories has special importance and strengthening such critical-cultural researches can be the miraculous key to solve political misconceptions between Iranian-Arabic focal points. Furthermore, many Arab regions have been as Iran under colonial domination. The present study shows technical methods of the two Algerian and Iranian writers in regard to the two French and Russian colonial powers. By giving a clear picture of protagonist and antagonist elements, the result of this research is that in Saedi's 'tup' protagonist as the foreground character plays antagonist role and is not the instigator of the story, even though not regarded as its prominent character. On the other hand, Saedi in developing the plot tries to make ethical charastristics of the characters salient. The common characteristics of the writers includes the consequences of colonialism picture in the rural life, and constituents such as: class conflicts caused by colonial oppression followed by combats and resistance to colonialists.

The rhetorical and sociological criticism are two writing tools available to literature researchers. If we can provide a methodological and purposeful relationship between these two types of criticism, the narrow boundary between sociology of literature and sociological criticism becomes more clear. Meanwhile the dynamism and fluidity of writing tools are strengthened and the capabilities of author and the capacities of his/her writing are more tangibly discovered. The main question of current research is how relevant and discussable the relationship between rhetorical and sociological criticism in literary research is. And essentially how can we can achieve the dynamism and fluidity of critique through this path. In the current study, we tried to apply mixed method (basic and applied researches with quantitative and qualitative focuses) coupled with library research on three less-known stories of GHOLAMHOSSEIN Saa’, edi (Morgh-e-Anjir, Pygmalion and SedaKhone), to identify the boundary between sociology of literature and sociological criticism in a practical manner. In addition, a methodological relationship is created between rhetorical (knowledge semantics, expression and prosody) and sociological criticism (Pierre Bourdieu’, s action). Overall, Research findings indicate that 1)Using the knowledge of rhetoric, one can understand the habits of people, their cultural capital and position in social space, 2) As soon as there are changes in the cultural capital and position of individuals, purposeful changes take place in their rhetoric. 3) With regard to this, not only the literariness of the story is examined, but also the functionality and dynamics of literariness are explained 4) It is also possible to figure out the abilities of a writer like GHOLAMHOSSEIN Saa’, edi who delicately writes and gives a rhetorical color to sentences. This research could be an introduction to new research in literature.

A moral critical approach to reading a literary text can be achieved by recognizing the moral concepts and themes in the text, or by grasping the relationship between the moral discourse of the text and its aesthetic structure. New approaches in criticism emphasize that the artistic text is based on connotations, and the meaning of the text is hidden. For this, the method of expression in literary text is of more interest than the subject. This research seeks the answer to the question that how the writer of a literary story deepens his/her own and his/her audience's moral understanding through narrative methods. The subject of the study is GHOLAMHOSSEIN Saedi's works. By analyzing and reviewing the researches about this writer, several conclusions can be drawn: 1. the main semantic domains to which Saedi paid attention are political, social, and psychological. In these semantic domains, the basic theme of his works is the connection of social issues with damages to individuals as well as the immorality caused by society showing traces of Marxist morality; 2. In integrating new story writing methods with political and social ideals, Saedi formed his moral discourse by aesthetic expression and narrative devices; 3. Realism is the feature of Saedi's stories' surface structure, and integrating this feature with symbolism in the inner structure of narrative enriches the moral or immoral aspects of events; 4. In most stories, character dominates the plot, and the effect of a sick society on the immorality of a person can be depicted by tracing the characters' actions and reactions, and visualizing their complicated minds and souls; 5. Dramatic visualization dominates rhetorical and verbal ploys, and the negative influences of an immoral action are suggested by creating an atmosphere. At the end of this article, examples of Saedi' s moral discourse and his method of expression have been presented.